India-U.S. Dairy Trade Talks: Navigating the Vegetarian Feed Requirement

The dairy trade negotiations between India and the United States have been at an impasse since April 21, 2025, primarily due to India's stringent "vegetarian feed requirement" for dairy imports. This condition, deeply rooted in India's cultural and religious values surrounding the cow, mandates that dairy products must originate from animals never fed any feed containing internal organs, blood meal, or tissues of ruminant or porcine origin. This requirement has emerged as the central obstacle in broader discussions aimed at forging a bilateral trade agreement (BTA) between the two nations, despite ongoing high-level engagements, including the visit of U.S. Vice President JD Vance to India.1 While both countries acknowledge the significant potential for enhanced economic ties through a comprehensive trade deal, the differing perspectives on the dairy sector present a considerable challenge that could have notable economic implications for the dairy industries in India and the United States.

Current State of India-U.S. Dairy Trade Negotiations:

2.1. Developments Since April 21, 2025:

Despite the specific hurdle posed by the dairy sector, the broader negotiations for a BTA between India and the U.S. have continued to gain momentum. The first in-person, three-day negotiations between the chief negotiators of both countries were scheduled to commence on April 23, 2025, in Washington.4 This visit was particularly significant as India explored the possibility of an early agreement during the 90-day tariff pause window announced by the U.S..4 Further underscoring the importance of these discussions, U.S. Vice President JD Vance began a four-day visit to India on April 21, 2025, to advance economic ties and accelerate the negotiations for the BTA.1 It is widely anticipated that the complexities surrounding agricultural trade, including the dairy dispute, were part of the agenda during these high-level meetings.

Considerable progress has been made in establishing the framework for the BTA, with both nations having finalised the Terms of Reference (ToRs) for the agreement. These ToRs encompass approximately 19 chapters, addressing critical aspects such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, rules of origin, trade in goods and services, customs facilitation, and regulatory issues.4 The aim for both sides is to conclude the first phase of this ambitious BTA by the fall of 2025.4 Capitalizing on the 90-day tariff pause initiated by the U.S., India has been actively exploring the possibility of securing an "early tranche" deal, focusing on a limited set of mutually beneficial issues to expedite the negotiation process.4 This approach suggests a pragmatic strategy to achieve tangible outcomes within the given timeframe. Reinforcing the commitment from the Indian side, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman stated that India is actively engaged with the U.S. and remains optimistic about concluding the initial phase of the BTA by the fall of this year.27

The concerted efforts and the defined timeline for the BTA negotiations indicate a strong underlying motivation from India and the U.S. to strengthen their economic partnership, likely driven by the potential for substantial economic growth and the strategic importance of their bilateral relationship in the evolving global landscape.1 However, the persistent challenge concerning market access for U.S. agricultural products, particularly dairy, suggests that the "vegetarian feed requirement" remains a critical point of contention that could influence the overall trajectory and scope of the trade agreement. The 90-day tariff pause is a crucial window of opportunity, adding pressure to find common ground on key issues to avoid potential trade disruptions.

2.2. Official Statements:

Official statements from both Indian and U.S. government sources since April 21, 2025, have largely focused on the broader bilateral trade agreement negotiations. India's Ministry of External Affairs emphasised that Vice President Vance's visit would provide an opportunity to review the progress in bilateral relations and exchange views on trade and economic ties.1 Similarly, through various channels, the U.S. government has reiterated its commitment to achieving a comprehensive trade deal that addresses market access concerns across various sectors.12 While these statements underscore the ongoing high-level engagement and the shared goal of enhancing trade, specific official pronouncements directly addressing the dairy sector and the vegetarian feed requirement since the initial article date have been limited. This absence of specific commentary might reflect this particular issue's continued sensitivity and complexity within the broader trade discussions.

3. In-Depth Analysis of the Vegetarian Feed Requirement:

3.1. Details of the Requirement:

At the heart of the stalled dairy trade talks lies India's insistence on a "vegetarian feed requirement" for any imported dairy products intended for food consumption.21 This regulation mandates that dairy products must be derived from cows that have never been fed any feed containing internal organs, blood meal, or tissues of ruminant or porcine origin.21 This stipulation is not primarily based on scientific concerns related to animal or human health, but rather stems from the deep-seated religious and cultural sensitivities prevalent in India.24 In India, the cow holds a sacred status for many, and the notion of these animals being fed animal-derived proteins is considered highly offensive to a significant portion of the population.24 This cultural context is further reinforced by India's existing "green dot" certification standards, which identify and label vegetarian food products within the country.24 The government's attempt to apply similar standards to imported dairy reflects a broader effort to align trade regulations with domestic cultural norms.

3.2. U.S. Perspective:

The U.S. dairy industry views India's vegetarian feed requirement as a significant and unwarranted barrier to trade.30 Industry stakeholders argue that this requirement lacks a sound scientific basis and effectively blocks access to one of the world's largest dairy markets.30 To address India's concerns, the U.S. had previously proposed the implementation of consumer labels on dairy products that would indicate the diet of the animals from which the milk was derived.33 However, this proposed compromise appears insufficient to overcome India's objections. The U.S. dairy sector, represented by organizations such as the National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF) and the U.S. Dairy Export Council (USDEC), has expressed considerable frustration over this ongoing trade impediment and has actively sought its removal through trade negotiations and even by petitioning for the withdrawal of India's benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program.30

3.3. Potential Health and Economic Implications:

While the primary driver behind India's vegetarian feed requirement is cultural and religious, some arguments have been made regarding potential health implications. Concerns have been raised about the link between feeding animal byproducts to cattle and the transmission of diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease.33 While the U.S. has stringent regulations to prevent BSE, this historical concern may contribute to India's cautious approach. Economically, this barrier has significantly limited U.S. dairy exports to India, despite India being a massive consumer of dairy products.30 Allowing U.S. dairy imports could potentially offer Indian consumers a wider variety of dairy products and potentially competitive pricing. However, it could also challenge India's domestic dairy industry, which supports many smallholder farmers and is a crucial component of the rural economy.2 The potential impact on the livelihoods of these farmers makes any concession on this issue politically sensitive for the Indian government.

4. Dairy Market Landscape in India and the U.S.:

4.1. India:

India's dairy market is substantial and experiencing robust growth. In 2024, the market was valued at approximately USD 135.30 billion. Projections indicate a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.33%, reaching USD 274.09 billion by 2032.52 India holds the distinction of being the world's largest producer and consumer of milk, with production volumes expected to reach 180 million metric tonnes by 2025.24 The structure of the Indian dairy industry is characterized by millions of small-scale farmers, often owning just a few cows or buffaloes, who contribute significantly to the overall milk production.36 Dairy cooperatives play a vital role in aggregating milk and providing market access to these farmers. Alongside the strong demand for fluid milk, there is a growing appetite for value-added dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, flavored milk, and probiotic drinks.54 This increasing demand is driven by population growth, rising incomes, urbanisation, and a growing awareness of health and nutrition.

4.2. United States:

The U.S. dairy market is also significant, estimated at USD 111.6 billion in 2025 and projected to reach USD 133 billion by 2030, with a more modest CAGR of 3.57%.59 The U.S. is a major player in the global dairy trade, with exports reaching $8.3 billion in 2024.46 While domestic consumption of dairy products remains substantial, exports are a critical component of the U.S. dairy industry's growth strategy.46 The U.S. dairy industry is characterised by larger, more consolidated farms than India, focusing on efficiency and high milk yields. Challenges facing the U.S. market include fluctuating milk prices, evolving consumer preferences, and increasing competition in the global export market.

Table 1: Comparative Dairy Market Data (India vs. U.S.)

Table 2: Key Differences in Dairy Industry Structure (India vs. U.S.)

5. Economic Ramifications of the Trade Impasse:

5.1. Potential Benefits and Drawbacks for India:

The continued protection of India's dairy sector through the vegetarian feed requirement and high tariffs offers several benefits to the domestic industry. It safeguards the livelihoods of millions of dairy farmers, particularly smallholders, who rely on dairy farming as a primary source of income and sustenance.2 This protection also helps maintain the stability of the rural economy, where the dairy sector plays a crucial role.2 Furthermore, it aligns with the cultural and religious sentiments of a large segment of the Indian population.24 However, this protectionist stance also has potential drawbacks. Indian consumers might have limited access to a wider variety of dairy products, including specialty cheeses and other items not commonly produced domestically. Additionally, the unresolved dairy issue could potentially strain India's broader trade relationship with the U.S., hindering progress in other sectors where a trade agreement could be mutually beneficial.1

5.2. Potential Benefits and Drawbacks for the U.S.:

Gaining access to India's vast and growing dairy market would represent a significant economic opportunity for the U.S. dairy industry.2 It could lead to a substantial increase in U.S. dairy exports, boosting revenue and supporting jobs within the sector. The continued stall in negotiations, however, means that U.S. dairy producers are missing out on this potentially lucrative market.30 This lack of access could also contribute to trade tensions between the two countries, particularly as the U.S. actively seeks to expand its agricultural exports globally.45 The U.S. might leverage its position as India's largest trading partner to exert pressure for greater market access, but the deeply entrenched nature of India's dairy policies presents a considerable challenge.

6. Stakeholder Perspectives:

6.1. Indian Dairy Farmers and Industry Associations:

Indian dairy farmers and industry associations strongly advocate for the preservation of the vegetarian feed requirement and the existing import restrictions on dairy products.24 Their primary concern revolves around protecting their livelihoods from potential competition from what they perceive as cheaper U.S. dairy products, which could destabilize the domestic market.2 Associations like the Indian Dairy Association have voiced their concerns about the potential negative impact of easing import restrictions on the financial well-being of millions of farmers.49 They emphasize the cultural and religious significance of the issue, highlighting that the consumption of dairy from animals fed non-vegetarian feed is unacceptable to a large portion of the Indian population.24

6.2. U.S. Dairy Farmers and Industry Associations:

U.S. dairy farmers and their representative organizations express significant frustration with India's persistent trade barriers, particularly the vegetarian feed requirement.30 They view these barriers as unjustified and scientifically unfounded, preventing them from accessing a substantial and growing market.30 Organizations such as the NMPF and USDEC have been vocal in their desire for greater market access to India, emphasizing the potential for increased exports and economic benefits for the U.S. dairy sector.30 They argue that India's import policies are overly restrictive and do not align with international trade norms.

7. Exploring Potential Solutions and Compromises:

To overcome the current impasse, several potential solutions and compromises could be explored. One possibility involves allowing the import of specific dairy products that are not widely produced in India, such as certain varieties of cheese.49 This could satisfy some of the U.S. demands without directly competing with the core products of the Indian dairy industry. Another approach could be to establish a phased approach to market access, gradually increasing the volume of permitted imports over time. Developing a mutually agreeable certification framework that respects India's religious sentiments while assuring the safety and quality of U.S. dairy products could also be a viable path forward.73 This might involve stricter documentation and verification processes regarding the feed given to dairy animals. Furthermore, the burgeoning market for plant-based dairy alternatives in India could offer an indirect avenue for U.S. companies to participate in the Indian "dairy" sector without directly confronting the vegetarian feed requirement for traditional dairy products.75 The U.S.'s earlier proposal for consumer labelling indicating the diet of dairy animals could also be revisited as a potential compromise measure.33

8. Conclusion:

The India-U.S. dairy trade talks remain ensnared by India's deeply rooted vegetarian feed requirement, a non-tariff barrier that clashes with standard U.S. dairy farming practices. Despite ongoing negotiations for a broader bilateral trade agreement and high-level diplomatic engagements, this issue impedes progress in the dairy sector. For India, maintaining this requirement is paramount to protecting the livelihoods of its vast number of dairy farmers and upholding cultural and religious values. Conversely, the U.S. dairy industry views this as an unscientific and unfair barrier to accessing a massive and expanding market. While potential solutions and compromises have been explored, a breakthrough on this contentious issue has yet to be achieved. The economic ramifications of this continued impasse are significant for both nations, with the U.S. dairy sector missing out on substantial export opportunities, and the broader U.S.-India trade relationship potentially facing strains. For the readers of Dairy Dimension magazine, understanding the nuances of this trade dispute, particularly the central role of the vegetarian feed requirement, is crucial for comprehending the complexities of international dairy trade and the factors shaping market access in key global regions. The future of dairy trade between these two major economies hinges on bridging this cultural and economic divide.

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